Method of stimulating fastigium nucleus to treat neurological disorders

ABSTRACT

A method of treating a neurological disorder (such as acute stroke) in a patient is provided. The method comprises introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the patient&#39;s head, advancing the stimulation lead within an intracranial vascular body, such as a blood vessel or ventricle, placing the stimulation lead adjacent the fastigium nucleus of the patient&#39;s brain, and stimulating the fastigium nucleus with the stimulation lead to treat the neurological disorder.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the treatment of neurological disorders, and in particular, the treatment of neurological disorders, such as acute stroke, using electrical leads.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several animal studies have disclosed that the electrical stimulation of the fastigium nucleus (FN), which forms a portion of the cerebellum, can have dramatic effects on reducing the core infarction size and surrounding penumbra after the onset of an ischemic stroke. For example, one study suggests that the stimulation of the FN for just one hour provides ten days worth of neuroprotection. Another study suggests that the infarction volume can be reduced by at least forty percent when the FN is stimulated after a stroke. The mechanism used to provide neuroprotection via FN stimulation is not well understood, but the studies have suggested that stimulation of the FN suppresses tissue damaging inflammation of brain tissue otherwise brought on by the overproduction of enzymes in response to the ischemic event. In all of the animal studies, the FN was electrically stimulated via a highly invasive surgical procedure.

Currently, the stimulation treatment of various neurological disorders in humans, including ischemic stroke, as well as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Tremor, and Epilepsy, can be accomplished via a substantially invasive procedure, which involves first drilling a burr hole through the patient's cranium in order to gain access to the brain tissue. A stimulation lead, and in particular, a lead with multiple electrodes extending along its length, is then introduced through one or more burr holes into contact with the selected brain tissue. In a deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedure, typically used to treat Parkinson's Disease, Tremor, and Epilepsy, the stimulation lead is advanced through a burr hole deep into the brain, e.g., the anterior thalamus, ventrolateral thalamus (Thal), internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), subthalamic nucleus (STN), external segment of globus pallidus (GPe), and neostriatum. In a cortical brain stimulation procedure, typically used to rehabilitate stroke victims, the lead is introduced through two burr holes and placed underneath the dura matter in contact with the cortex of the brain.

Once the lead is properly located in contact with the selected brain tissue, an electrical stimulator can be connected to the lead and operated to convey therapeutic electrical energy to the selected brain tissue. Depending on the period of treatment, the electrical stimulator may be implanted, in which case, the proximal end of the lead or an extension lead can be subcutaneously routed from the burr hole underneath the patient's scalp, down the neck, and into the chest or abdominal region in electrical connection with an implanted electrical stimulator.

Although the current brain stimulation techniques used to treat neurological disorders have proven to be successful, none of the previous techniques suggest a less invasive approach for stimulating the FN to treat ischemic stroke. That is, such techniques are still quite invasive, requiring the cranium to be opened through at least one burr hole, and entirely delivered through brain tissue to reach the stimulation site.

Thus, there remains a need to provide an improved method of electrically stimulating the FN to treat neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present inventions, a method of treating a disorder in a patient is provided. The method particularly lends itself well to the treatment of neurological disorders—especially those disorders that can be alleviate by increasing the flow of blood within the patient's brain, such as acute stroke, chronic transient ischemic attack, cerebral vasospasm, and Alzheimer's Disease.

The method comprises introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the patient's head. The stimulation lead can, e.g., be intravascularly introduced into the head via the circulatory system or ventricular system, or introduced into the head through a cranial burr hole. The method further comprises advancing the stimulation lead within an intracranial vascular body. As examples, the vascular body can be an artery, such as a posterior inferior cerebellar artery, a vein, such as the preculminate vein, or a ventricular body, such as the 4^(th) ventricle.

The method further comprises placing the stimulation lead adjacent a selected structure of the patient's brain, such as a hindbrain structure of the brain, e.g., the fastigium nucleus. The stimulation lead may either be placed in direct contact or indirect contact with the fastigium nucleus as long as the stimulation energy can be conveyed from the stimulation lead to the selected brain structure to provide the desired therapeutic effect. In one method, the stimulation lead is connected to a stimulation source, and electrical energy is conveyed from the stimulation source to the stimulation lead to treat the disorder. Preferably, the stimulation increases the flow of blood in the patient's brain to treat the disorder. In an optional method, the method further comprises introducing another electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient, and placing the other stimulation lead adjacent cortical tissue of the patient's brain, the stimulation of which treats the patient. For example, if the neurological disorder an acute stroke, stimulation of the cortical tissue may help rehabilitate the patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings illustrate the design and utility of preferred embodiment(s) of the invention, in which similar elements are referred to by common reference numerals. In order to better appreciate the advantages and objects of the invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings that illustrate the preferred embodiment(s). The drawings, however, depict the embodiment(s) of the invention, and should not be taken as limiting its scope. With this caveat, the embodiment(s) of the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an intravascular brain stimulation system constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an intravascular stimulation lead that can be used in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a lateral view of one hemisphere of a patient's brain, particularly illustrating a method of intravascular routing of the stimulation lead of the system of FIG. 1 via the arterial system;

FIG. 4 is a lateral view of one hemisphere of a patient's brain, particularly illustrating a method of intravascular routing of the stimulation lead of the system of FIG. 1 to a site adjacent the fastigium nucleus via the venous system;

FIG. 5 is a lateral view of one hemisphere of a patient's brain, particularly illustrating a method of intravascular routing of the stimulation lead of the system of FIG. 1 to a site adjacent the fastigium nucleus via the ventricular system; and

FIG. 6 is a lateral view of one hemisphere of a patient's brain, particularly illustrating routing of the stimulation lead of the system of FIG. 1 to a site adjacent the fastigium nucleus via a cranial burr hole and the ventricular system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, an intravascular brain stimulation system 10 constructed in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown. In its simplest form, the stimulation system 10 generally comprises a first stimulation lead 12 configured to be introduced adjacent a selected structure of a patient's brain, and an implantable electrical stimulation source 14 configured for delivering stimulation energy to the stimulation lead 12. In alternative embodiments, multiple stimulations leads 12 can be provided.

The intravascular lead 12 comprises a flexible electrically conductive signal wire 16 and a single electrode 18 mounted at the distal end of the wire 16 using suitable connection means, such as soldering or welding. In the illustrated embodiment, the electrode 18 is cylindrically shaped and has a size that allows it to be delivered through a delivery catheter. The wire 16 comprises an electrically conductive core with an outer insulative layer. The length of the wire 16 is preferably sized to extend from the selected stimulation site in the brain (which in this case, is the fastigium nucleus located in the cerebellum of the brain) to the remotely located stimulation source 14, which will typically be located outside of the patient's body, but may optionally be implanted. The electrode 18 is composed of a biocompatible and electrically conducting material, such as copper alloy, platinum, stainless steel, or nitinol. The electrically conducting material of the electrode 18 can be further coated with platinum-iridium or gold to improve its conduction properties, biocompatibility, and radiopacity. To prevent blood clotting, the electrode lead 12 can be optionally coated with a non-thrombogenic agent.

Referring to FIG. 2, an alternative embodiment of a stimulation electrode lead 12′ is shown. The stimulation lead 12′ is similar to the previously described stimulation lead 12, with the exception that it comprises a pair of electrodes 18 (a proximal electrode 18(1) and a distal electrode 18(2)) and a pair of signal wires 16 respectively coupled to the pair of electrodes 18. The electrode pair 18 can be suitably formed, e.g., by mounting a pair of ring electrodes around an electrically insulative cylindrical core 20, or by coating the cylindrical core 20 with electrically conductive material. The signal wires 16 extend through the cylindrical core 20 into contact with the respective electrodes 18(1) and 18(2). Thus, it can be appreciated that the stimulation lead 12′, by itself, can be operated in a bipolar mode. This is in contrast to the stimulation lead 12, which can be operated in a monopolar mode, or alternatively, can be operated in a bipolar mode in conjunction with another stimulation lead 12, as will be described in further detail below.

It should be noted that the intravascular stimulation leads 12 or 12′ may have different structures than that illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the intravascular stimulation leads 12 or 12′ may alternatively or optionally have a stent electrode, arrayed electrode structure, basket electrode structure, inflatable electrode structure, helical electrode structure, etc., may take the form of a guidewire or catheter, and may have optional blood occlusion features, such as a balloon or RF ablation electrode, the details of which are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/744,319, entitled “Method of Intravascularly Delivering Stimulation Leads into the Brain”, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the implantable stimulation source 14 is designed to deliver electrical pulses to the stimulation lead 12 in accordance with programmed parameters. In the preferred embodiment, the stimulation source 14 is programmed to output electrical pulses having amplitudes varying from 0.1 to 20 volts, pulse widths varying from 0.02 to 1.5 milliseconds, and repetition rates varying from 2 to 2500 Hertz. In the illustrated embodiment, the stimulation source 14 takes the form of a totally self-contained generator. The stimulation source 14 may optionally be configured to be implanted within the patient's body. The stimulation source 14 is connected to the stimulation lead 12 is a monopolar arrangement, or may be connected to multiple stimulations leads 12 or the stimulation lead 12′ in a monopolar arrangement or a bipolar arrangement. Further details regarding stimulation sources and various techniques of connecting stimulation leads to stimulation sources are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/744,319, which has previously been incorporated herein by reference.

Having described the structure of the intravascular brain stimulation system 10, a preferred method of installing it within a patient's body in order to treat a diagnosed neurological disorder within the brain, and in particular an acute stroke, will now be described. In the preferred method, the stimulation lead will be placed adjacent the fastigium nucleus (FN), which can then be electrically stimulated to increase collateral blood flow within the brain, thereby reducing the size of, or perhaps eliminating altogether, the infarction otherwise resulting from the acute stroke.

In order to minimize the invasiveness of the procedure, at least a portion of the preexisting vasculature (e.g., the circulatory or ventricular system) of the patient is utilized to gain access to the FN. This can be accomplished, e.g., by first introducing the stimulation lead into the patient's head via the selected vascular system and then advancing the stimulation lead within selected cerebral vascular bodies within that system until the active portion of the stimulation lead is adjacent the FN, or alternatively, by first non-vascularly introducing the stimulation lead into the patient's head (e.g., through a burr hole in the cranium) and then advancing the stimulation lead within vascular bodies of a selected vascular system until the stimulation lead is adjacent the FN. The former case is less invasive than the latter case, since it entirely uses the vasculature to both introduce the stimulation lead into the patient's head and, once inside the head, deliver the stimulation lead to a site adjacent the FN. Additional stimulation leads can optionally be placed adjacent the FN as necessary.

A standard imaging system, such as Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), fluoroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and/or ultrasound, and a standard delivery mechanism, such as a guide wire, delivery catheter, and/or guide sheath (all not shown), can be used to facilitate delivery of the stimulation lead into the patient's head and/or route the stimulation lead to a location adjacent the FN. Of course, if the stimulation lead, itself takes the form of a guidewire or catheter, a separate guide wire or catheter may not be needed. The stimulation lead may be maintained within the vascular body adjacent the FN, such that stimulation can be indirectly applied to the FN, or alternatively, can be inserted through a puncture within the vascular body into direct contact with the FN with the aid of a stylet. If the stimulation lead has an anchoring capability (e.g., it has as a stent electrode, arrayed electrode structure, basket electrode structure, inflatable electrode structure, helical electrode structure, etc.), the stimulation lead can be deployed in order to stabilize the stimulation lead relative to the FN. Further details describing the delivery and deployment of stimulation leads into indirect or direct contact with brain tissue are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/744,319, which has previously been incorporated herein by reference.

Optionally, another stimulation lead (which may be either similar as or different from first stimulation lead) can be introduced adjacent other structures of the brain, and in this case, the cortical tissue of the brain. This stimulation lead may be intravascularly placed adjacent the cortical tissue, e.g., along the superior saggital sinus (not shown), or epidurally or subdurally placed along the cortical tissue via a burr hole previously formed within the patient's cranium. Notably, assuming that some damage to the brain has been caused by the stroke, electrical stimulation of the cortical tissue using the other stimulation lead may help rehabilitate the patient. Further details describing the delivery and deployment of stimulation leads into indirect or direct contact with cortical tissue are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/783,679, entitled “Method of Stimulating/Sensing Brain with Combination of Intravascularly and Non-Vascularly Delivered Leads,” which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

After the stimulation lead(s) have been deployed within the brain, their proximal ends will remain outside of the patient's body after the stimulation deployment process is completed. For example, if a stimulation lead is intravascularly introduced into the patient's head via the circulatory system, the proximal end stimulation lead will extend from a venous or arterial access point. If the stimulation lead is intravascularly introduced into the patient's head via the ventricular system, the proximal end of the stimulation lead will extend from the intrathecal space of the patient's spine. If the stimulation lead is introduced into the patient's head via a burr hole, the proximal end of the cranial burr hole will extend from the burr hole.

The exposed proximal ends of the stimulation lead(s) can then be coupled to the stimulation source in either a monopolar arrangement or a bipolar arrangement. Typically, the stimulation lead used to stimulate the FN will be left in the brain acutely (i.e., only during an operation and then removed after the operation has been completed). In this case, the stimulation source will not be implanted, but instead will be located externally to the patient. The optional cortical stimulation lead, however, should be left in the brain chronically or sub-chronically (i.e., less than six months) in order to provide rehabilitation of the patient over an extended period of time. In this case, the stimulation source will be implanted within the patient's body (e.g., in the clavical or chest region or behind the ear of the patient), and the optional stimulation lead can be can be subcutaneously routed to this implantation site. The stimulation source may then be operated to provide electrical stimulation energy to the FN, thereby minimizing the size of the infarct created by the acute stroke, and optionally, provide electrical stimulation energy to the cortical tissue, thereby rehabilitating the patient. Stimulation of the FN and cortical tissue may be accomplished simultaneously, but typically, the FN will be stimulate to control the effects of the acute stroke, and the cortical tissue will then be subsequently stimulated to rehabilitate the patient.

As briefly discussed above, the stimulation lead can be placed adjacent the FN via an intravascular body in any one of a variety of manners. In one example shown in FIG. 3, the stimulation lead 12 is intravascularly delivered into the patient's head 200 via an artery, and in this case the vertebral artery 206, and then routed through select arteries within the cerebral arterial system until the electrode 18 of the lead 12 is adjacent the fastigium nucleus (FN) 202 of the cerebellum 204. The point at which the arterial system can be accessed can be any remote access point, including the vertebral artery 206, itself, or the femoral artery (not shown). As illustrated in FIG. 3, the specific arterial route taken by the stimulation lead 12 to obtain access to the FN 202 from the vertebral artery 206 terminates in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) 208 or an artery branching from the PICA 208. Notably, the PICA 208 in a typical adult human is approximately three millimeters from the FN 202, which should be sufficiently close enough to provide indirect therapeutic stimulation to the FN 202 via the PICA 208. As previously discussed, however, the stimulation lead 12 can be inserted through a puncture within the PICA 208 into direct contact with the FN 202 with the aid of a stylet.

In another example shown in FIG. 4, the stimulation lead 12 may be intravascularly delivered into the patient's head 200 via a vein, and in this case the jugular vein 210, and then routed through select veins within the cerebral venous system until the electrode 18 of the lead 12 is adjacent the fastigium nucleus (FN) 202. The point at which the arterial system can be accessed can be any remote access point, including the jugular vein 210, itself, or the femoral vein (not shown). As illustrated in FIG. 4, the specific venous route taken by the stimulation lead 12 to obtain access to the FN 202 from the jugular vein 210 goes through the sigmoid sinus 212, the straight sinus 214, the vein of galen 216, and the superior cerebellar vein 218, and terminates in the preculiminate vein 220. Notably, the preculminate vein 220 in a typical adult human is approximately 2-30 millimeters from the FN 202, which should be sufficiently close enough to provide indirect therapeutic stimulation to the FN 202. As previously discussed, however, the stimulation lead 12 can be inserted through a puncture within the preculminate vein 220 into direct contact with the FN 202 with the aid of a stylet.

In still another example shown in FIG. 5, the stimulation lead 12 may be intravascularly delivered into the patient's head 200 via the ventricular system, and in this case the intrathecal space 222, and then routed through select ventricles of the brain until the electrode 18 of the lead 12 is adjacent the fastigium nucleus (FN) 202. The point at which the intrathecal space 222 can be anywhere along the spinal column, but preferably, in the lumbar region or up near the cervical region. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the specific ventricular route taken by the stimulation lead 12 to obtain access to the FN 202 from the intrathecal space 222 goes through the foramen of Magendie 225 and into the 4^(th) ventricle 224. Notably, the 4^(th) ventricle 226 allows the stimulation lead 12 to be placed into direct contact with the FN 202.

As still another example shown in FIG. 6, the stimulation lead 12 may be delivered into the patient's head 200 directly through the cranium 230, and in this case, a burr hole 232 within the cranium 230. In a manner similar to that used in a ventriculostomy procedure to treat hydrocephalus, the stimulation lead 12, preferably with the aid of an endoscope (not shown) can then be routed through the frontal lobe 234, into the lateral ventricle 236, down through the foramen of Monroe 238 to the 3^(rd) ventricle 226, and down through the Sylvian aqueduct 228 into the 4^(th) ventricle 226.

Although the previous FN delivery and stimulation methods have been described as being used to treat acute stroke patients, they can also be used to treat patients who suffer from any other disease that can be ameliorated by increase blood flow within the brain. For example, patients who suffer from chronic transient ischemic attacks can be treated by increasing the collateral blood flow within the brain. Patients who suffer from cerebral vasospasm as a result of an intracranial bleed to heat trauma can be treated by increasing the blood flow within the brain, which can potentially dilate the spastic vessels. Alzheimer's patients may be treated by increasing the flow of blood within the brain in order to help metabolize amlyoid plaques. Also, although the stimulation techniques described above using electrical stimulation leads, other types of stimulation can be applied to the FN. For example, a drug delivery tube conduit can be placed adjacent the FN for delivering drugs thereto via a pump. Thus, stimulation of the FN can be accomplished using drugs, alone, or in combination with electrical stimulation,

It should also be noted that other brain structures, such as the spheno palatine ganglion (SPG) and possibly other hindbrain structures, such as the cerebrum, Rostral Ventral Lateral Medulla, pons, medulla oblongata, the wall of the sylvian aqueduct, the wall 4th ventricle, and other brain stem structures, can also be simulated via electrical stimulation leads and/or drugs in order to increase the amount of blood flow to the brain. These brain structures can be intravascularly accessed via an appropriate intravascular body within the circulatory or ventricular system.

Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that the above discussion is not intended to limit the present invention to these embodiments. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. 

1. A method of treating a neurological disorder in a patient, comprising: intravascularly introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the patient's head; and placing the stimulation lead adjacent the fastigium nucleus of the patient's brain.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurological disorder is a disorder that can be alleviated by increasing blood flow within the patient's brain.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurological disorder is an acute stroke.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from a group consisting of acute stroke, chronic transient ischemic attack, cerebral vasospasm, and Alzheimer's Disease.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the circulatory system.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the ventricular system.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in direct contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in indirect contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising stimulating the fastigium nucleus with the stimulation lead to treat the neurological disorder.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the stimulation of the fastigium nucleus increases the flow of blood within the patient's brain.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: introducing another electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient; placing the other stimulation lead adjacent cortical tissue of the patient's brain; and stimulating the cortical tissue with the other stimulation lead to rehabilitate the patient.
 12. A method of treating a disorder in a patient, comprising: introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient via a blood vessel; and placing the stimulation lead adjacent the fastigium nucleus of the patient's brain.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the disorder is a neurological disorder.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the neurological disorder is a disorder that can be alleviated by increasing blood flow within the patient's brain.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the disorder is an acute stroke.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the disorder is selected from a group consisting of acute stroke, chronic transient ischemic attack, cerebral vasospasm, and Alzheimer's Disease.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in direct contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in indirect contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising stimulating the fastigium nucleus with the stimulation lead to treat the disorder.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the stimulation of the fastigium nucleus increases the flow of blood within the patient's brain.
 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising: introducing another electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient; placing the other stimulation lead adjacent cortical tissue of the patient's brain; and stimulating the cortical tissue with the other stimulation lead to rehabilitate the patient.
 22. A method of treating a neurological disorder in a patient, comprising: introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the patient's head; advancing the stimulation lead within an intracranial vascular body of the patient; and placing the stimulation lead adjacent the fastigium nucleus of the patient's brain.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the neurological disorder is a disorder that can be alleviated by increasing blood flow within the patient's brain.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the neurological disorder is an acute stroke.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from a group consisting of acute stroke, chronic transient ischemic attack, cerebral vasospasm, and Alzheimer's Disease.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the circulatory system.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the ventricular system.
 28. The method of claim 22, further comprising forming an opening through the patient's cranium, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head through the opening.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the vascular body is a blood vessel.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the blood vessel is an artery.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the artery is the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the blood vessel is a vein.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the vein is the preculminate vein.
 34. The method of claim 22, wherein the vascular body is the 4^(th) ventricle.
 35. The method of claim 22, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in direct contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 36. The method of claim 22, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in indirect contact with the fastigium nucleus.
 37. The method of claim 22, further comprising stimulating the fastigium nucleus with the stimulation lead to treat the neurological disorder.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the stimulation of the fastigium nucleus increases the flow of blood within the patient's brain
 39. The method of claim 37, further comprising: introducing another electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient; placing the other stimulation lead adjacent cortical tissue of the patient's brain; and stimulating the cortical tissue with the other stimulation lead to rehabilitate the patient.
 40. A method of treating a neurological disorder in a patient, wherein the neurological disorder is a disorder that can be alleviated by increasing blood flow within the patient's brain, the method comprising: introducing an electrical stimulation lead within the patient's head; advancing the stimulation lead within an intracranial vascular body of the patient; and placing the stimulation lead adjacent a selected structure of the patient's brain, the stimulation of which increases the blood flow to the patient's brain.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the neurological disorder is an acute stroke.
 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from a group consisting of acute stroke, chronic transient ischemic attack, cerebral vasospasm, and Alzheimer's Disease.
 43. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the circulatory system.
 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head via the ventricular system.
 45. The method of claim 40, further comprising forming an opening through the patient's cranium, wherein the stimulation lead is introduced into the head through the opening.
 46. The method of claim 40, wherein the vascular body is a blood vessel.
 47. The method of claim 40, wherein the vascular body is the 4^(th) ventricle.
 48. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in direct contact with the selected brain structure.
 49. The method of claim 40, wherein the stimulation lead is placed in indirect contact with the selected brain structure.
 50. The method of claim 40, further comprising stimulating the selected brain structure with the stimulation lead to increase the flow of blood to the brain, thereby treating the disorder.
 51. The method of claim 40, further comprising: introducing another electrical stimulation lead within the head of the patient; placing the other stimulation lead adjacent cortical tissue of the patient's brain; and stimulating the cortical tissue with the other stimulation lead to rehabilitate the patient. 